Nordic winters and El Niño strength

Winter temperature, precipitation, snow, frost and thaw metrics in Finland and the other Nordic countries, grouped by the ENSO phase of each winter (NOAA Oceanic Niño Index). Compares super El Niño winters with ordinary El Niño, neutral and La Niña winters. Everything on this page is computed in the browser from the bundled data.

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How to use this page

    The three super El Niño winters at the default threshold are 1982/83, 1997/98 and 2015/16. Three cases give wide intervals; read the winter-by-winter chart before the group means.

    Group composite

    ONI vs metric

    Winter by winter

    Map of site contrasts

    Statistics for the current selection

    Pairwise contrasts (difference of group means, 95 % interval: bootstrap, or Welch t-interval when a group has n < 6; permutation p; Cohen's d), computed in the browser at the chosen threshold:

    About the data and methods
    Abbreviations used on this page